{"id":321,"date":"2025-07-29T12:18:35","date_gmt":"2025-07-29T09:18:35","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/libtest1.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/?page_id=321"},"modified":"2025-10-20T15:18:21","modified_gmt":"2025-10-20T12:18:21","slug":"grodno-governorate","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/governorates-of-belarus\/grodno-governorate\/","title":{"rendered":"Grodno Governorate"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"321\" class=\"elementor elementor-321\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac1a4b0 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ac1a4b0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f4a57e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4f4a57e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About Grodno<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d8e2663 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"d8e2663\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-62c704d elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"62c704d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-58ec208 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"58ec208\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db333fa e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"db333fa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c636485 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c636485\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Grodno Governorate (\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f) was an administrative unit in the Northwestern Krai of the Russian Empire. The 1897 census shows that 17.3% of the governorate&#8217;s residents (around 277,000 people) were Jews, with a high urban concentration: in the city of Grodno itself, Jews constituted almost half of the residents. During World War I, due to its strategic location, Grodno became a battleground. In September 1915, it was conquered by Germany and became part of the &#8220;Ober Ost&#8221; administration. For the Jewish community, the war was a catastrophe, as the retreating Russian army deported masses of Jews from the frontline areas deep into Russia and destroyed entire communities.<\/p><details class=\"rm\"><summary><span style=\"color: #00ccff;\">Read more&#8230;<\/span><\/summary><div><p><!-- your long text or Dynamic Tag (ACF Body) goes here --><br \/>After the war, the region became a battlefield in the Polish-Soviet War (1919-1921). Grodno passed from hand to hand, and the Jewish community found itself in a difficult situation: the Poles accused it of communism, and the Soviets suppressed it as a &#8220;bourgeois element.&#8221;<br \/>The Treaty of Riga (1921) annexed most of the governorate&#8217;s territory to the Second Polish Republic. Under Polish rule, the Jewish community faced economic difficulties due to its disconnection from markets in the east and government policies. Despite this, communal and political life was vibrant. The &#8220;Sha&#8217;ar HaTorah&#8221; Yeshiva, headed by Rabbi Shimon Shkop, operated in the city, and extensive Zionist activity took place, as graduates of the &#8220;Hashomer Hatzair&#8221; movement founded Kibbutz Ein Shemer in Palestine.<\/p><\/div><\/details>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-28a92a2 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"28a92a2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0ac6b95 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"0ac6b95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1568bb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d1568bb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/libtest1.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-scaled.jpg\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"206\" height=\"300\" src=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-206x300.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium wp-image-3157\" alt=\"Grodno Governorate, Illustrated card, souvenir set, 82 cards, provinces, Russian Empire,1856\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-206x300.jpg 206w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-703x1024.jpg 703w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-768x1119.jpg 768w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-1054x1536.jpg 1054w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-1406x2048.jpg 1406w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/LC-Drawing-Grodno-Governorate-Image-2-Illustrated-Card-Back-Map-and-Description-scaled.jpg 1757w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 206px) 100vw, 206px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-81d1e53 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"81d1e53\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a5f6c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a5f6c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Grodno Province &#8211; back view of a card from the geographic card set illustrating all provinces of the Russian Empire as it existed in 1856. Each card presents an overview of a particular province&#8217;s culture, history, economy, and geography. Grodnenskai\ufe20a\ufe21 gubernii\ufe20a\ufe21\u00a0 (Grodno Province) depicted on this card corresponds to part of present-day Belarus. It contains a map of the province, the provincial seal, information about the population, and a picture of the local costume of the inhabitants. For the front view of the card and more information visit the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.loc.gov\/resource\/gdclccn.2018689242\/?st=gallery\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"nofollow noopener\">Library of Congress Online Catalog<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ace60de e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ace60de\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15014e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"15014e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Research Resources on the Grodno Governorate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95bc6a5 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"95bc6a5\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cb5533 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"7cb5533\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-758f2ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"758f2ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84e4617 elementor-arrows-position-outside elementor-pagination-type-bullets elementor-pagination-position-outside elementor-widget elementor-widget-n-carousel\" data-id=\"84e4617\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;carousel_items&quot;:[{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Books&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;69e1bc4&quot;},{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Articles&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;edd5b47&quot;},{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Archives &amp; Documents&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;fe79b83&quot;},{&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Historical Press&quot;,&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;29ca9ea&quot;},{&quot;_id&quot;:&quot;7eec8fe&quot;,&quot;slide_title&quot;:&quot;Maps &amp; Photographs&quot;}],&quot;slides_to_show&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;slides_to_scroll&quot;:&quot;5&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:5,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;autoplay_speed&quot;:50000,&quot;slides_to_show_tablet&quot;:&quot;2&quot;,&quot;slides_to_show_mobile&quot;:&quot;1&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_hover&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pause_on_interaction&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;infinite&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;speed&quot;:500,&quot;offset_sides&quot;:&quot;none&quot;,&quot;arrows&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;,&quot;pagination&quot;:&quot;bullets&quot;,&quot;image_spacing_custom_tablet&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]},&quot;image_spacing_custom_mobile&quot;:{&quot;unit&quot;:&quot;px&quot;,&quot;size&quot;:&quot;&quot;,&quot;sizes&quot;:[]}}\" data-widget_type=\"nested-carousel.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-n-carousel swiper\" role=\"region\" aria-roledescription=\"carousel\" aria-label=\"Minsk Governorate - Research Resources\" dir=\"rtl\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-wrapper\" aria-live=\"off\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"1\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"1 of 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4caa67 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"a4caa67\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59790d6 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"59790d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/maps-and-photographs\/maps-and-photographs-grodno-governorate\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1366\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Maps-and-Photographs.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2908\" alt=\"Old Maps, Photo cameras, Photographs, Photo Albums\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Maps-and-Photographs.png 1366w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Maps-and-Photographs-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Maps-and-Photographs-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Maps-and-Photographs-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Maps-and-Photographs-800x450.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, 1366px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/maps-and-photographs\/maps-and-photographs-grodno-governorate\/\">Maps &amp; Photographs<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"2\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"2 of 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f702f35 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"f702f35\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e991f6d elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"e991f6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/historical-press\/historical-press-grodno-governorate\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1366\" height=\"768\" src=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Historical-Press-1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2900\" alt=\"Old Newspapers, Historical Press\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Historical-Press-1-1.png 1366w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Historical-Press-1-1-300x169.png 300w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Historical-Press-1-1-1024x576.png 1024w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Historical-Press-1-1-768x432.png 768w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Icon-for-Historical-Press-1-1-800x450.png 800w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1366px) 100vw, 1366px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/historical-press\/historical-press-grodno-governorate\/\">Historical Press<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"3\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"3 of 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53c0934 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"53c0934\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8088d8 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"b8088d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/archives-documents\/archives-and-documents-grodno-governorate\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"360\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05d0\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2888\" alt=\"Archive Cards Cabinets\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05d0\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-2.jpg 360w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05d0\u05e8\u05db\u05d9\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-2-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 360px) 100vw, 360px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/archives-documents\/archives-and-documents-grodno-governorate\/\">Archives &amp; Documents<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"4\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"4 of 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fae890 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"3fae890\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d93d6f elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"3d93d6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/articles\/articles-grodno-governorate\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"584\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05e2\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-\u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2886\" alt=\"Old papers\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05e2\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-\u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-2.jpg 584w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05e2\u05d9\u05ea\u05d5\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-\u05d9\u05e9\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd-2-300x123.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 584px) 100vw, 584px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/articles\/articles-grodno-governorate\/\">Articles<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"swiper-slide\" data-slide=\"5\" role=\"group\" aria-roledescription=\"slide\" aria-label=\"5 of 5\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7af7404 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7af7404\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[],&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8a4265 elementor-position-top elementor-widget elementor-widget-image-box\" data-id=\"b8a4265\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-image-box-wrapper\"><figure class=\"elementor-image-box-img\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/books\/books-grodno-governorate\/\" tabindex=\"-1\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"361\" height=\"240\" src=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd-1-.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-2882\" alt=\"Old Books\" srcset=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd-1-.jpg 361w, https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/\u05d0\u05d9\u05d9\u05e7\u05d5\u05df-\u05e1\u05e4\u05e8\u05d9\u05dd-1--300x199.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 361px) 100vw, 361px\" \/><\/a><\/figure><div class=\"elementor-image-box-content\"><h3 class=\"elementor-image-box-title\"><a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/books\/books-grodno-governorate\/\">Books<\/a><\/h3><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-swiper-button elementor-swiper-button-prev\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Previous\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-angle-left\" viewBox=\"0 0 256 512\" 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data-id=\"21151d6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8f27be elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b8f27be\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Main cities of the Grodno Governorate<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bfa0f57 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"bfa0f57\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa06d44 elementor-widget elementor-widget-spacer\" data-id=\"aa06d44\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"spacer.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-spacer-inner\"><\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26e431f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"26e431f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;background_background&quot;:&quot;classic&quot;,&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b6a17b e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"7b6a17b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f03a13 elementor-view-stacked elementor-shape-rounded elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"5f03a13\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/governorates-of-belarus\/grodno-governorate\/belostok\/\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Belostok\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-city\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M616 192H480V24c0-13.26-10.74-24-24-24H312c-13.26 0-24 10.74-24 24v72h-64V16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16h-16c-8.84 0-16 7.16-16 16v80h-64V16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H80c-8.84 0-16 7.16-16 16v80H24c-13.26 0-24 10.74-24 24v360c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h576c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V216c0-13.26-10.75-24-24-24zM128 404c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12H76c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12H76c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12H76c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm128 192c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm160 96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12V76c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm160 288c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/governorates-of-belarus\/grodno-governorate\/belostok\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tBelostok\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c779bb9 e-con-full e-flex e-con e-child\" data-id=\"c779bb9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-e-type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;jet_parallax_layout_list&quot;:[]}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3be3aa4 elementor-view-stacked elementor-shape-rounded elementor-position-inline-start elementor-mobile-position-block-start elementor-widget elementor-widget-icon-box\" data-id=\"3be3aa4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"icon-box.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-wrapper\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/governorates-of-belarus\/grodno-governorate\/belsk\/\" class=\"elementor-icon\" tabindex=\"-1\" aria-label=\"Belsk\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-city\" viewBox=\"0 0 640 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M616 192H480V24c0-13.26-10.74-24-24-24H312c-13.26 0-24 10.74-24 24v72h-64V16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16h-16c-8.84 0-16 7.16-16 16v80h-64V16c0-8.84-7.16-16-16-16H80c-8.84 0-16 7.16-16 16v80H24c-13.26 0-24 10.74-24 24v360c0 17.67 14.33 32 32 32h576c17.67 0 32-14.33 32-32V216c0-13.26-10.75-24-24-24zM128 404c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12H76c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12H76c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12H76c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm128 192c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm0-96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40zm160 96c0 6.63-5.37 12-12 12h-40c-6.63 0-12-5.37-12-12v-40c0-6.63 5.37-12 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12-12h40c6.63 0 12 5.37 12 12v40z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-icon-box-content\">\n\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-icon-box-title\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/governorates-of-belarus\/grodno-governorate\/volkovysk-or-vawkavysk\/\" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tVolkovysk (or vawkavysk)\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/h3>\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>About Grodno The Grodno Governorate (\u0413\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0433\u0443\u0431\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f) was an administrative unit in the Northwestern Krai of the Russian Empire. The 1897 census shows that 17.3% of the governorate&#8217;s residents (around 277,000 people) were Jews, with a high urban concentration: in the city of Grodno itself, Jews constituted almost half of the residents. During World War [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":4,"featured_media":0,"parent":205,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"subjects":[171,172,190,180,181,182,183,184,185,186],"geography":[129,130,131,100,132,103,133,134,135,136,137],"class_list":["post-321","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry","subjects-antisemitism","subjects-blood_libel","subjects-emigration","subjects-jewish_culture","subjects-jewish_image","subjects-may_laws","subjects-pale_of_settlement","subjects-pogroms","subjects-russian_jewish_diaspora","subjects-shtetls","geography-belostok","geography-belsk","geography-brest","geography-governorates","geography-grodno","geography-grodno_governorate","geography-kobrin","geography-pruzhany","geography-slonim","geography-sokolka","geography-volkovysk","entry"],"acf":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/321","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/4"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=321"}],"version-history":[{"count":141,"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/321\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":8568,"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/321\/revisions\/8568"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/205"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=321"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"subjects","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/subjects?post=321"},{"taxonomy":"geography","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/lib.haifa.ac.il\/extprojects\/DolginCenter\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/geography?post=321"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}